A fuel pump can fail as a result of low voltage, because the fuel pump needs stable 12–14 volts to stay happy and healthy. If voltage drops underneath this variety, the pump can't produce enough strain (normaly 40-70 PSI in gas-injected systems). This also reduces the amount of power the pump has, causing it to operate poorly, which results in an inconsistency of fuel flow, causing issues with things from engine misfires to stalling to poor acceleration. Extended low voltage increases stress on the pump’s motor, causing premature wear and potentially reducing effective pump life by as much as 40% in high-mileage cars.
Low voltage, often caused by corroded wiring, loose connections, or a weak battery, creates resistance in the electrical circuit. Add resistance, as a result, more electrical load on the pump, which makes excess heat, which increases wear rate. According to a Society of Automotive Engineers study that measured fuel pump failures, corroded connectors caused a 20 percent increase in the number of pump failures due to insufficient voltage to the pump. Wiring and battery condition are crucial to prevent these problems, particularly in older models where corrosion is more likely, so do regular inspections.
Cold weather makes things even worse for low voltage. Batteries produce less power at freezing temperatures, which means less voltage for the fuel pump. When it is particularly cold, many drivers report more fuel pump problems, because when the voltage stays low for a long time, the pump is a cause of failure. Keeping your battery fully charged and ensuring that your wiring is intact will ensure your voltage stays constant cold or hot for the wintry months to come.
Ed China, automotive expert, warns that: “Fuel delivery is reliant on electrical integrity, in that a stable voltage supply is needed for the fuel pump to perform properly.
While high-quality Fuel Pump designed for fluctuating voltage conditions will reduce the risks of low voltage operation and prevent damage and premature failure, choosing one that will operate reliably under the conditions of a OEM or aftermarket engine management system will extend the life of the pump.